Mouth And Teeth
Mouth
The buccal cavity is formed by the cheeks, the hard and soft palates (the roof of the mouth) and tongue. The cheeks form the lateral walls of the buccal cavity, which are covered by non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The hard palate, which is formed by the roof bones, is covered by mucous membrane and forms a bony partition between the buccal cavity and the nasal cavity. The soft palate forms the back (muscular) portion of the roof and is also lined by mucous membrane. The mouth is one of the key parts of the human digestive system.
Saliva
In human saliva is mainly produced by the greater salivary glands (parotid gland 23%, sub-mandibular gland 65%, and sublingual gland 4%). The minor salivary glands produce only 8% of the total volume of saliva.
Periodontium
The periodontium includes all of the support membranes of the dental structures surround and support the teeth such as the gums and the attachment surfaces and membranes.
This includes epithelial tissues (epithelium), connective tissues, (ligaments and bone), muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
Tongue
Mucosa
The basic parts of the mouth
Eating and swallowing
The parts of the human mouth operate like a super mincing machine.
Speaking
From the first yell of a new born baby the human mouth mixes the sounds which come up from the vocal chords in the throat.
All the different sounds which people make when they talk and sing depend on the way they use their : LIPS - TONGUE -TEETH
Expression
Whenever you show your feelings you use parts of the mouth for : Smiling - Laughing - Crying - Kissing – Whistling.
Saliva
In human saliva is mainly produced by the greater salivary glands (parotid gland 23%, sub-mandibular gland 65%, and sublingual gland 4%). The minor salivary glands produce only 8% of the total volume of saliva.
Periodontium
The periodontium includes all of the support membranes of the dental structures surround and support the teeth such as the gums and the attachment surfaces and membranes.
This includes epithelial tissues (epithelium), connective tissues, (ligaments and bone), muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
Tongue
- The tongue is a specialized skeletal muscle that is specially adapted for the activities of speech, chewing, developing gustatory sense (taste) and swallowing.
- It is attached to the hyoid bone.
- Terms meaning tongue include "glosso" and "lingual."
Mucosa
- The protective tissues of the oral cavity are continuous with the digestive tract are called mucosa or mucous membranes.
- They line the oral, nasal, and external auditory meatus, (ear), providing lubrication and protection against pathogens.
- This is a stratified squamous epithelium containing about three layers of cells.
- The lips are also protected by specialized sensory cells called Meissner's corpuscles.
- The cells of the inner oral cavity are called the buccal mucosa.
The basic parts of the mouth
- The upper jaw, that is part of the skull
- The lower jaw, connected with the upper jaw and with ability to move up-down and from side to side
- The teeth and gums
- The muscles which form the cheeks
- The tongue
- The salivary glands that pour the saliva into the mouth
Eating and swallowing
The parts of the human mouth operate like a super mincing machine.
- The front teeth cut the food
- The side teeth tear and shred it
- The back teeth crush and grind it
- The saliva moistens the food and
- The action of the tongue and the cheeks mix it all up so that it is easy to swallow
- Tiny pimples on the surface of the tongue, the 'taste buds' tell you what you are tasting.
Speaking
From the first yell of a new born baby the human mouth mixes the sounds which come up from the vocal chords in the throat.
All the different sounds which people make when they talk and sing depend on the way they use their : LIPS - TONGUE -TEETH
Expression
Whenever you show your feelings you use parts of the mouth for : Smiling - Laughing - Crying - Kissing – Whistling.
Tooth
Parts of a tooth
Internal tooth anatomy and tooth structure :
TOOTH ENAMEL (1) is the hardest of the parts of the tooth and also the hardest of all the tissues of human body. Tooth enamel is a protective tooth structure that covers the exposed part of a tooth, the crown.
DENTIN (2) or IVORY is the tissue below the tooth enamel that forms the main mass of a tooth. It supports the tooth enamel and absorbs the pressure of eating. The dentine consists of a number of micro-fibers imbedded in a dense homogeneous matrix of collagenous proteins.
DENTAL PULP (3) a soft connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels, that nourish the tooth. It is the most internal structure of a tooth, surrounded by the dentine. Dental pulp is found in the soft center of the tooth, inside the pulp chamber and the root canal.
CEMENTUM (4) is the part of tooth anatomy that covers the dentine outside of the root (under the gum line) and it is attached to the bone of the jaw with little elastic fibers. Cementum is hard as bone but not as hard as the tooth enamel.
GUMS (5) the tough pink-colored tissue that covers the bone of the jaw and supports the tooth structure inside the alveolar bone.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (6) the tissue between the Cementum and the alveolar bone. It consists of tough little elastic fibers that keep the tooth attached to the jaw.
ALVEOLAR BONE (7) the bone of the jaw that keeps the tooth in its place, it feeds and protects it.
- CROWN is the visible part of the tooth, above the gums.
- ROOT is the part of the tooth under the gums and inside the alveolar bone that keeps the tooth in place.
- GUM MARGIN (neck) is the area between the tooth crown and the root.
Internal tooth anatomy and tooth structure :
TOOTH ENAMEL (1) is the hardest of the parts of the tooth and also the hardest of all the tissues of human body. Tooth enamel is a protective tooth structure that covers the exposed part of a tooth, the crown.
DENTIN (2) or IVORY is the tissue below the tooth enamel that forms the main mass of a tooth. It supports the tooth enamel and absorbs the pressure of eating. The dentine consists of a number of micro-fibers imbedded in a dense homogeneous matrix of collagenous proteins.
DENTAL PULP (3) a soft connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels, that nourish the tooth. It is the most internal structure of a tooth, surrounded by the dentine. Dental pulp is found in the soft center of the tooth, inside the pulp chamber and the root canal.
CEMENTUM (4) is the part of tooth anatomy that covers the dentine outside of the root (under the gum line) and it is attached to the bone of the jaw with little elastic fibers. Cementum is hard as bone but not as hard as the tooth enamel.
GUMS (5) the tough pink-colored tissue that covers the bone of the jaw and supports the tooth structure inside the alveolar bone.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (6) the tissue between the Cementum and the alveolar bone. It consists of tough little elastic fibers that keep the tooth attached to the jaw.
ALVEOLAR BONE (7) the bone of the jaw that keeps the tooth in its place, it feeds and protects it.
Internal Tooth Structure
The internal tooth structure is common in all types of teeth, but the external teeth parts morphology (shape of tooth crown, number and shape of roots) differs significantly between different teeth types.
There are four different types of teeth in the mouth of an adult human. The complete dentition of an adult person has 32 teeth.
The adult human teeth show a morphology mainly differentiated by the shape of their upper surface (crown) and the number of the tooth roots. Individual tooth morphology is associated with the purpose of each tooth type (cutting, shredding or grinding the food).
The four different types of human teeth are:
INCISORS or Cutting teeth
The 8 incisors are the very front human teeth with rather flat surfaces, a straight sharp horizontal edge for cutting and biting the food and one long, single, conical root.
CANINE teeth
The 4 canine teeth are very strong, pointed corner teeth for tearing and shredding, placed laterally to each lateral incisor. They are larger and stronger than the incisors.
The canine tooth morphology is characterized by the large, conical crown which projects beyond the level of the other teeth and one single root, longer than all other human teeth types.
The upper canine teeth are sometimes called eyeteeth.
PREMOLARS or Bicuspid teeth
The 8 premolars, used for the chewing of the food, are placed lateral to and behind the canine teeth, with a flat upper surface and 1-2 roots. Their crown has two pyramidal eminences or cusps.
MOLARS or Molar teeth
The 12 molars are the back human teeth. Molar teeth have much different tooth morphology with large and flat upper surface and 2-4 roots. Molars is the one of types of teeth with the largest of the permanent teeth, used for the final chewing and grinding of the food before swallowing.
The third molars are also known as wisdom teeth.
There are four different types of teeth in the mouth of an adult human. The complete dentition of an adult person has 32 teeth.
The adult human teeth show a morphology mainly differentiated by the shape of their upper surface (crown) and the number of the tooth roots. Individual tooth morphology is associated with the purpose of each tooth type (cutting, shredding or grinding the food).
The four different types of human teeth are:
INCISORS or Cutting teeth
The 8 incisors are the very front human teeth with rather flat surfaces, a straight sharp horizontal edge for cutting and biting the food and one long, single, conical root.
CANINE teeth
The 4 canine teeth are very strong, pointed corner teeth for tearing and shredding, placed laterally to each lateral incisor. They are larger and stronger than the incisors.
The canine tooth morphology is characterized by the large, conical crown which projects beyond the level of the other teeth and one single root, longer than all other human teeth types.
The upper canine teeth are sometimes called eyeteeth.
PREMOLARS or Bicuspid teeth
The 8 premolars, used for the chewing of the food, are placed lateral to and behind the canine teeth, with a flat upper surface and 1-2 roots. Their crown has two pyramidal eminences or cusps.
MOLARS or Molar teeth
The 12 molars are the back human teeth. Molar teeth have much different tooth morphology with large and flat upper surface and 2-4 roots. Molars is the one of types of teeth with the largest of the permanent teeth, used for the final chewing and grinding of the food before swallowing.
The third molars are also known as wisdom teeth.
Wisdom Tooth
Wisdom teeth are the last molars (one at every side of every jaw) and not a different type of teeth. The wisdom teeth erupt between the ages of 17 and 21.
Wisdom teeth need special care. Sometimes they don't erupt properly and they often cause dental problems because of the difficulty to clean them.
The first baby teeth to erupt are usually the two lower front teeth. The order of primary teeth eruption (teething age) is as shown in the following baby teeth chart.
Wisdom teeth need special care. Sometimes they don't erupt properly and they often cause dental problems because of the difficulty to clean them.
The first baby teeth to erupt are usually the two lower front teeth. The order of primary teeth eruption (teething age) is as shown in the following baby teeth chart.
How many tooth does adult have?
Adult humans have a complete set of 32 permanent teeth,
of four different teeth types.
Sixteen permanent teeth at the top and sixteen at the bottom jaw:
8 incisors,
4 canines,
8 premolars,
12 molars.
Dental diseases
of four different teeth types.
Sixteen permanent teeth at the top and sixteen at the bottom jaw:
8 incisors,
4 canines,
8 premolars,
12 molars.
Dental diseases
- Dental diseases such as tooth decay and gum disease are two of the most common human diseases.
- Other dental problems as orthodontic problems or stained/discolored teeth, although they are mostly cosmetic and not dental health problems, concern an increasing number of people in recent years due to the modern way of life. Some dental problems as bad breath and dry mouth might be symptoms of other serious health problems or systemic diseases.
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Use of Mouth and Teeth
- The human mouth and teeth are used not only for eating, but also for formatting the sounds while speaking and for the expression of our feelings and emotions. All the parts of the mouth contribute to performing these actions.
- The absence of one or more teeth can cause problems to digesting your food, right speech and good appearance, affecting your physical and mental health.
- Reduced flow of saliva creates problems with chewing, swallowing and digesting food.